WASHINGTON — To explore the complex interactions between the natural world and society and enhance our understanding of Earth’s systems — the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, ...

Understanding and ultimately predicting the Earth’s climate system is one of the grand challenges of the 21st century.Ê As scientists delve deeper into its complexity, mysteries continue to arise at a ...

In a white paper published by a multidisciplinary team of top scientists in China, Earth system is defined to encompass both internal and external geospheres from solid Earth system through surface ...