Sarah is an experienced writer and editor enthusiastic about helping readers live their healthiest and happiest lives. Before joining Forbes Health, Sarah worked as a writer for various digital ...

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) comprise 12 protein components, VirB1–VirB11 and VirD4. VirB2 forms a pilus and is co-purified with VirB5. VirB4, VirB11 and VirD4 are ATPases powering pilus assembly ...