Abstract: In this article, the nonlinear extended state observer (NESO) is proposed to estimate the state-of-charge (SOC) for the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The NESO is designed based on the simple ...

Abstract: We present a compendium of generalized expressions for the low-frequency voltage gain and terminal impedances of each of the three fundamental bipolar-amplifier topologies (i.e., common ...